Anal cancer is a cluster of abnormal cells that grow in the anal canal and may appear like firm lumps or bumps, an open sore, or wart-like. Those who are infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are more likely to develop anal cancer, among other types of cancer, such as cervical and head and neck cancers.
HPV refers to a large group of viruses that spread by contact, and, when left untreated, can increase one’s risk for developing cancer.
“These viruses are common, but very preventable,” says Benjamin Schlechter, MD, senior physician in the Gastrointestinal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Is anal cancer an STD?
People who have a suppressed immune system are associated with an increased risk for viral-driven cancers such as those with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) — a virus that fights the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the most advanced stage.
Anal cancer and cervical cancer were once believed to be sexually transmitted diseases, but they are not. The HPV virus can be transmitted through nearly any activity that increases one’s risk of anal cancer.
“Once you get the HPV virus, most people get rid of it naturally,” Schlechter says. “It is so important to stay safe and not be ashamed of it, too.”
What are anal cancer symptoms?
Anal cancer can go undetected but can have symptoms, including:
- Abnormal growth
- Bloody stool
- Change in the appearance of stool
- Itching in the affected area
- Rectal bleeding and pain
If you have symptoms, contact your doctor to evaluate your condition. Learn more about symptoms and causes of anal cancer.
How can I protect myself?
While it is impossible to fully protect ourselves from cancer, specifically anal cancer, here are some things you can do to reduce your risk of this disease including:
- Get your HPV vaccines. Vaccines are available to help protect against some HPV subtypes including HPV-16 and HPV-18, which are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The vaccine is safe and effective and currently recommended for everyone between the ages of 11 and 40.
- Do not smoke. Smoking could increase the growth of cancer.
- Get treatment if infected with HIV. An untreated HIV infection can lead to AIDS and HIV-related cancers. Individuals with HIV are more likely to be infected with HPV due to a weaker immune system.
- Use contraceptives during sexual activity.
Discuss your options with your doctor, who may refer you to Dana-Farber’s Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer Treatment Center. Our center uses a team approach to care for patients diagnosed with anal cancer. Anal cancer is a rare form of cancer, but it is very treatable.