什么是细胞周期?它与癌症有什么关系? 

发布日期:2023年5月16日  医学审校:Robert J. Mayer博士(Robert J. Mayer, MD)  细胞周期包含一系列步骤,包括:活细胞生长、复制其DNA,并分裂成两个相同的子代细胞,每个子细胞获得母本的一份拷贝。当每个子细胞被封存在自身的膜内时,细胞周期完成,为开启新的细胞周期做好准备。  细胞周期以一种精确运转的方式展开,确保细胞将DNA的精准拷贝遗传给其子代细胞。在分裂前的DNA复制或DNA迁移到新形成的细胞的过程中,如果出现任何错误,那么细胞的遗传程序都会出错,从而导致癌症或其他疾病的产生。  细胞周期的分期(Stage)  在含有细胞核的细胞内,细胞周期有5个分期:  G0期:细胞尚未分裂,在体内中正常运作  G1期(gap 1):细胞生长  S期 (synthesis 合成) :细胞复制其DNA  G2期 (gap 2) :细胞准备分裂  M期 (mitosis 有丝分裂) :细胞核(nucleus)和细胞质(cytoplasm)分裂,形成两个子代细胞  人体细胞用90%的时间完成前三个分期, 统称分裂间期(interphase)。  细胞周期的持续时间因细胞类型而异。大部分人体细胞在24小时左右完成周期。快速生长的细胞(如肠道内壁细胞)或在9-10小时内完成分期,而肝细胞的分期则超过一年,神经细胞的分期则需更多年完成。 细胞分期和癌症   在细胞周期任何阶段出现的失误或错误——特别是在DNA复制或DNA分配给子细胞的过程中出错,都会驱使细胞向产生癌变的方向演化。  细胞周期含有若干检查点,其作用类似流水线上的阀门,让细胞“扫描”问题并采取必要的修复措施。细胞借此机会来确认自身生长到应有的大小、正确地复制了自身的DNA、准确地排列了用于分裂的染色体。细胞或修复错误,但如果严重的话,细胞也会通过自毁的方式避免将自身的错误传给后代。  若干蛋白质控制检查点,其中最重要的检查点之一是p53,它在细胞周期中主要在G1检查点上作用。当一个细胞的DNA受损时,一个蛋白质激活p53,p53终止细胞周期并下达修复的指令,如果出现不可修复的损伤,p53会引起细胞消亡。p53对健康细胞的延续而言至关重要,它也被视为基因组的护卫。  如果p53消失、发生故障或者比活性低于正常水平,它或许会让携带受损DNA的一个细胞进入细胞周期的下一阶段,增加DNA拼写错误且遗传给子细胞的几率。这种错误在多个细胞周期中不断累积,就会向癌症迈进一步。p53 是人类癌症中最常见的突变基因。  化疗如何影响细胞周期?  在细胞周期的不同阶段,不同类型的化疗(chemotherapy)药物会对癌细胞发起攻击。  有些化疗药物对细胞周期的一个特定阶段作用。例如,抗代谢药(antimetabolite)和叶酸拮抗剂(antifol)就以S期为靶点,干扰DNA分子的构建。博来霉素(bleomycin)和依托泊苷(etoposide)和其它药物则以G2期为靶点,使DNA断裂;长春花生物碱类(vinca alkaloids)以M期为靶点,防止染色体在细胞分裂的过程中正确排列。  还有一些药物可作用于分裂中的细胞,无论细胞周期。这些药物包括:烷化剂(alkylating agents)——与DNA结合并阻止DNA复制;嵌入剂(intercalators)——起作用是扭曲DNA双螺旋的正常形状和结构。  第三类药物对癌细胞作用显著,无论癌细胞处在细胞周期的何种阶段。这些药物包括:皮质类固醇(corticosteroids)和激素拮抗剂(hormone antagonists),其作用机制是与细胞受体结合,防止细胞接收到生长信号。  放疗如何影响细胞周期?  辐射会杀死处于积极分裂中的细胞,即不处于G0期的细胞。因为癌细胞无序生长,与正常细胞相比,它们或需要更多的时间完成分裂,所以癌细胞特别容易受到放疗的影响。  靶向治疗如何干预细胞周期?  靶向疗法(targeted therapies)是一组抑制与癌症有关的特异性细胞蛋白质的药物。靶向疗法的药物有一部分作为标准治疗用药,有一些尚处于临床试验中,其核心聚焦于在细胞周期中起到关键作用的蛋白质。  以CDK4和CDK6蛋白质为例,这两种蛋白质在细胞周期的一个重要节点扮演着保护的作用,即细胞从G0期和G1期向S期过渡。在有些癌症病种中,CDK4和CDK6蛋白质的异常会使细胞分裂进入高速运转的状态。以CDK4/6抑制剂(CDK4/6 inhibitors)为代表的的药物干扰这些蛋白质,有助于阻止细胞周期的展开。在某些情况下,癌细胞不仅停止分裂,还会丧失所有用于循环和生长的能力,使得肿瘤缩小。CDK4/6抑制剂在治疗晚期雌激素受体阳性和HER2-阴性乳腺癌(advanced estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast … Read more

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